Dr. Simon Judd, Ph.D., states that "an interesting phenomenon has been observed as a result of the GMX trials being conducted at Cranfield on the recirculating rig. Whilst, over the two week periods of each test, there appears to be little effect on overall scale growth, there is a very pronounced effect on the scale (CaCO3) structure."
When scaling of CaCO3 takes place it appears to do so in two layers (Fig.1). The first layer is a "hard" scale composed mostly of calcite, (cubic crystals). The second layer is a softer scale mainly composed of aragonite, (needle-like crystals).
Figure 1 
The existence and stratification, (layering), of these forms of scale has been noted by previous workers, but this behavior appears to have profound consequences when exposed to magnetic treatment.
S.E.M. (scanning electron microscope) pictures of the strata interface reveal both calcite (cubic) and aragonite (needle-like), in the scale (Fig. 2). The calcite layer adheres much more strongly to the copper element than the aragonite layer, such that by simply gently tapping the scaled copper element on a hard surface, it is possible to dislodge the second layer from the first and weigh the scale layers separately.
Figure 2 
A summary of the comparative masses of the hard and soft scale layers is given, for two successive commutated runs. According to these data, magnetic treatment appears to reproducibly change the amount of hard scale, by more than 50%.* If the amount or thickness of the initial hard scale layer is instrumental in determining the extent of the deleterious consequences of scaling, then magnetic treatment would appear to be beneficial on this basis. It is possible that magnetic treatment acts solely at the interface between the two scale layers, reducing the adhesion and thereby allowing the second layer to be readily removed.
Figure 3 
Effect of GMX Treatment on Relative Scale
Dr. Simon Judd, Ph.D., Cranfield University, U.K., and his team, are under contract with GMX, examining verifiable evidence that GMX Magnetic Fluid Conditioning is "reducing scale without chemicals".
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